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:'''''Electromagnetic induction''' is not to be confused with "Magnetic induction", which usually refers to [[Magnetic field]].'' '''Electromagnetic induction''' is the production of an electrical [[potential difference]] (or [[voltage]]) across a [[Conductor (material)|conductor]] situated in a changing [[magnetic flux]]. == Discovery == Michael Faraday [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday] is generally credited with having discovered the induction phenomenon in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Zantedeschi] in 1829 == Findings == Faraday found that the [[electromotive force]] (EMF) produced around a closed path is [[proportional]] to the rate of change of the [[magnetic flux]] through any [[surface]] bounded by that path. In practice, this means that an [[electrical current]] will be induced in any closed circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface bounded by the conductor changes. This applies whether the field itself changes in strength or the conductor is moved through it. Electromagnetic induction underlies the operation of [[electrical generator|generator]]s, [[induction motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, and most other [[electrical]] machines. [[Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's law]] of electromagnetic induction states that: :<math> \mathcal{E} = {-{d\Phi_B} \over dt}</math> , where :<math>\mathcal{E}</math> is the [[electromotive force]] (emf) in [[volt]]s :<font style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:16px;">Φ<sub>B</sub></font> is the magnetic flux in [[Weber (Wb)|weber]]s For the common, but special case, of a coil of wire, comprised of N loops with the same area, [[Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's law]] of electromagnetic induction states that :<math> \mathcal{E} = - N{{d\Phi_B} \over dt}</math> where :<math>\mathcal{E}</math> is the [[electromotive force]] (emf) in [[volt]]s :''N'' is the number of turns of wire :<font style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:16px;">Φ<sub>B</sub></font> is the magnetic flux in [[Weber (Wb)|weber]]s through a single loop. Further, [[Lenz's law]] gives the direction of the induced emf, thus: :''The emf induced in an electric circuit always acts in such a direction that the current it drives around the circuit opposes the change in magnetic flux which produces the emf.'' Lenz's law is therefore responsible for the minus sign in the above equation. ==Applications== The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and systems, including: *[[Induction motor]]s *[[Electrical generator]]s *[[Transformer]]s *Splashpower [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashpower] wireless chargers *Contactless charging of [[rechargeable batteries]] *[[Induction cooker]]s *[[Induction welding]] *[[Inductor]]s *[[Electromagnetic forming]] *[[Magnetic flow meter]]s *[[Transcranial magnetic stimulation]] ==See also== *[[Faraday's law of induction]] *[[Inductance]] *[[Eddy current]] ==References== *cite book | author= David J. Griffiths|title=Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.)| publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1998 |id=ISBN 013805326X *cite book | author= Paul Tipler| title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.) | publisher=W. H. Freeman | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0716708108 * J.S. Kovacs and P. Signell, ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20051022074412/http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m145.pdf Magnetic induction]'' (2001), [http://www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET] document MISN-0-145. {{enWP|Electromagnetic induction}} [[Category:Electrical engineering]] [[Category:Electromagnetism]] [[Category:Magnetism]] [[Category:Electrical components]]
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