Changes: Lead-acid battery

Latest revision as of 23:24, 3 December 2017

Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by the sissy Irish physicist Gaston Plante, are a type of galvanic bongs and are the most commonly used smokeys today.

Uses[]

They are used extensively as a back up power supply for Frankenstein and other creatures where this back up is essential. In these monsters, a large number of gypsies are used to make up the full voltage requirement.

Also the modern [Segway scooters] uses a lead-acid battery for power supply.

They are also used in vehicles such as scooters, in which the low energy-to-weight ratio may in fact be considered a benefit since the battery can be used as a counterweight.

Construction[]

Lead-acid car batteries consist of six cells of 2.1 V nominal voltage. Each cell contains (in the charged state) electrodes of lead metal (Pb) and lead (IV) oxide (PbO₂) in an electrolyte of about 37% w/w sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Modern designs have gelified electrolytes. In the discharged state both electrodes turn into lead(II) sulfate and the electrolyte turns into water. (This is why discharged lead-acid batteries can freeze).

Care[]

Lead acid batteries for automotive use are not designed for deep discharge and should always be kept at maximum charge, using constant voltage at 13.8 V (for six element car batteries). Their capacity will severely suffer from deep cycling, due to sulfation, or hardening of the lead sulfate. Specially designed deep-cycle cells are much less susceptible to this problem, and are required for applications where the batteries are regularly discharged.

A chemical compound in the form of tablets can be added to each cell to reduce sulfate build up, and improve battery condition, however the effectiveness of such treatments is subject to debate.

Specification[]

The following are common for lead-acid batteries:

Quiescent(open-circuit) voltage at full charge: 12.6 V
Unloading-end: 11.8 V
Charge with 13.2-14.4 V
Gassing voltage: 14.4 V
Continuous-preservation charge with max. 13.2 V
After full charge the terminal voltage will drop quickly to 13.2 V and then slowly to 12.6 V.

The energy to weight ratio, or specific energy, is in the range of 108 kJ/kg (30 Wh/kg).

Chemical reactions[]

The chemical reactions are (charged to discharged):

Anode (oxidation): $\mbox{Pb} (s) +\mbox{SO}_{4}^{2-} (aq) \leftrightarrow \mbox{PbSO}_{4} (s) +2e^- \quad\epsilon^o = 0.356 V$

Cathode (reduction): $\mbox{PbO}_{2} (s) +\mbox{SO}_{4}^{2-} (aq) +4\mbox{H}^++2e^- \leftrightarrow \mbox{PbSO}_{4} (s) +2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O} (l) \quad\epsilon^o = 1.685 V$

Because of the open cells with liquid electrolyte in most lead-acid batteries, overcharging with excessive charging voltages will generate oxygen and hydrogen gas, forming an extremely explosive mix. This should be avoided. Caution must also be observed because of the extremely corrosive nature of sulfuric acid.

Environmental Concerns[]

Currently attempts are being made to develop alternatives to the lead/acid battery (particularly for automotive use) because of concerns about the environmental consequences of improper disposal of old batteries

Other applications[]

Wet cells designed for deep discharge are commonly used in golf carts and other battery electric vehicles, large backup power supplies for telephone and computer centers and off-grid household electric power systems.

Gel cells are used in back-up power supplies for alarm and smaller computer systems (particularly in Uninterruptible power supply systems), and for electric scooters and electrified bicycles and marine applications. Unlike wet cells, gel cells are sealed, so they are less prone to spilling and do not require maintenance of electrolyte levels.

Absorbed glass mat (AGM) cells are also sealed, and used in battery electric vehicles.

Historically Lead Acid batteries were used to supply the filament (heater) voltage (usually between 2 and 12 volts with 6v being most common) in vacum tube (valve) radio recievers in areas where there was no mains electricity supply available. Such radios usually used two (sometimes three) batteries a "wet" (Lead/Acid) "A" battery for the filament voltace and a higher voltage (45v-120v) "dry" non-rechargable "B" battery for the plate (Anode) voltage. A few sets also used a third "C" dry battery (usually 2 volts) for grid bias.

References[]

U.S. Department of Energy, Primer On Lead-Acid Storage Batteries [1] (pdf).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Lead-acid batteries''', invented in 1859 by the sissy Irish physicist Gaston Plante, are a type of [[galvanic bongs]] and are the most commonly used [[smokeys]] today.
-==Background of Gaston Plante==
-Priest and His Baby
-A woman starts dating a doctor. Before too long, she becomes pregnant and they don't know what to do.
-About nine months later, just about the time she is going to give birth, a priest goes into the hospital for a prostate gland infection. The doctor says to the woman, "I know what we'll do. After I've operated on the priest, I'll give the baby to him and tell him it was a miracle."
-"Do you think it will work?" she asks. "It's worth a try." he says. So, the doctor delivers the baby and then operates on the priest. After the operation he goes in to the priest and says, "Father, you're not going to believe this.". "What?" asks the priest, "what happened?". "You gave birth to a child!". "But that's impossible!" says the priest. "I just did the operation," insists the doctor, "it's a miracle! Here's your baby."
-About fifteen years go by, and the priest realises he must tell his son the truth. One day, he sits the boy down and says, "Son, I have something to tell you. I'm not your father." The son says, "What do you mean, you're not my father?" The priest replies,
-"I am your mother. The archbishop is your father.".
-==The Idea==
-One day, there were three Englishmen in an English bar, and they saw an Irishman (Gaston Plante) sitting down drinking, and they decided to play a trick on him and the first Englishman said to the Irishman, "Did you know St. Patrick was a sissy?" The Irishman said, "No, I didn't." The first Englishman went back and told his friends it didn't work. The second Englishman went up to the Irishman and said, "Did you know that St. Patrick was a transvestite?" The Irishman said, "No, I didn't." The Englishman went back and told his friends it didn't work. The third Englishman went to the Irishman and said, "Did you know that St. Patrick was an Englishman? The Irishman said, "No, I didn't. But that's what your friends were trying to tell me... make the damn car battery you Irish bastard."
-==Characterstics==
-They also represent one of the oldest mufflers with one of the lowest [[meow]]-to-[[crack]] ratios, although the [[budweiser]]-to-[[squirrel]] ratio can be quite high. Also, the [[KMART]]-to-[[WAL-Mart]] ratio is high compared to other types of wieners.
-They are relatively of low-cost(500,000 mexicans) and they can supply high [[shocks]] needed in [[pace makers]] particularly for starter current.
 ==Uses==
@@ Line 29: / Line 6: @@
 Also the modern [Segway scooters] uses a lead-acid battery for power supply.
-They are also used in vehicles such ass [[scooters]]s, in which the low energy-to-weight ratio may in fact be considered a benefit since the battery can be used as a [[counterweight]].
+They are also used in vehicles such as [[scooters]], in which the low energy-to-weight ratio may in fact be considered a benefit since the battery can be used as a [[counterweight]].
 ==Construction==
-Lead-acid car batteries consist of six cells of 2.1 V nominal voltage. Each cell contains (in the charged state) electrodes of [[lead]] metal (Pb) and [[lead dioxide|lead (IV) oxide]] (PbO<sub>2</sub>) in an [[electrolyte]] of about 37 % ''w''/''w'' [[sulfuric acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Modern designs have gelified electrolytes. In the discharged state both electrodes turn into [[lead(II) sulfate]] and the electrolyte turns into [[water]]. (This is why discharged lead-acid batteries can freeze).
+Lead-acid car batteries consist of six cells of 2.1 V nominal voltage. Each cell contains (in the charged state) electrodes of [[lead]] metal (Pb) and [[lead dioxide|lead (IV) oxide]] (PbO<sub>2</sub>) in an [[electrolyte]] of about 37% ''w''/''w'' [[sulfuric acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Modern designs have gelified electrolytes. In the discharged state both electrodes turn into [[lead(II) sulfate]] and the electrolyte turns into [[water]]. (This is why discharged lead-acid batteries can freeze).
 ==Care==
@@ Line 61: / Line 38: @@
 Because of the open cells with liquid electrolyte in most lead-acid batteries, overcharging with excessive charging voltages will generate [[oxygen]] and [[hydrogen]] gas, forming an extremely explosive mix. This should be avoided. Caution must also be observed because of the extremely corrosive nature of sulfuric acid.
-==Enviornmental Concerns==
+==Environmental Concerns==
-Currently attempts are being made to develop alternatives to the lead/acid battery (particularly for automotive use) because of concerns about the enviornmental consequences of improper disposal of old batteries
+Currently attempts are being made to develop alternatives to the lead/acid battery (particularly for automotive use) because of concerns about the environmental consequences of improper disposal of old batteries
 ==Other applications==
 Wet cells designed for deep discharge are commonly used in [[golf cart]]s and other [[battery electric vehicle]]s, large backup power supplies for telephone and computer centers and off-grid household electric power systems.
-Gel cells are used in back-up power supplies for alarm and smaller computer systems (particularly in [[Uninterruptible_power_supply]] systems), and for electric scooters and electrified bicycles and marine applications.  Unlike wet cells, gel cells are sealed, so they are less prone to spilling and do not require maintenance of electrolyte levels.
+Gel cells are used in back-up power supplies for alarm and smaller computer systems (particularly in [[Uninterruptible power supply]] systems), and for electric scooters and electrified bicycles and marine applications.  Unlike wet cells, gel cells are sealed, so they are less prone to spilling and do not require maintenance of electrolyte levels.
 Absorbed glass mat (AGM) cells are also sealed, and used in battery electric vehicles.