View source for RF CMOS

[[File:Abidi-262sm (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Asad Ali Abidi]] invented RF CMOS technology during the late 1980s to early 1990s. RF CMOS is fundamental to the [[wireless revolution]].]][[File:Marvell_88W8010_(100%25_Quality_PNG).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marvell_88W8010_(100%25_Quality_PNG).png|thumb|Die shot of a Marvell 88W8010 WiFi 802.11g transceiver. It has both octagon-like and square-like, spiral-like structures that can also be used as inductors.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXJCAAAAQBAJ&dq=rf+cmos+square+inductor&pg=PA19 |title=High-Linearity CMOS RF Front-End Circuits |date=8 February 2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-23802-9}}</ref> RF CMOS is widely used in WiFi devices.]]

'''RF CMOS''' is a [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[integrated circuit]] (IC) technology that integrates [[radio-frequency]] (RF), analog and [[digital electronics]] on a [[mixed-signal]] [[CMOS]] (complementary MOS) [[RF circuit]] chip.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Summary-of-SiGe-BiCMOS-and-rf-CMOS-technology_fig1_224103090 |title=Figure 1 Summary of SiGe BiCMOS and rf CMOS technology. |website=ResearchGate |language=en |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=RF CMOS Power Amplifiers: Theory, Design and Implementation |volume = 659|date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |language=en-gb |doi=10.1007/b117692 |isbn = 0-7923-7628-5|series = The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science}}</ref> It is widely used in modern [[wireless]] [[telecommunications]], such as [[cellular networks]], [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[GPS receivers]], [[broadcasting]], [[vehicular communication systems]], and the [[radio transceiver]]s in all modern [[mobile phones]] and [[wireless networking]] devices. RF CMOS technology was pioneered by Pakistani engineer [[Asad Ali Abidi]] at [[UCLA]] during the late 1980s to early 1990s, and helped bring about the [[wireless revolution]] with the introduction of [[digital signal processing]] in wireless communications.

==History==
Pakistani engineer [[Asad Ali Abidi]], while working at [[Bell Labs]] and then [[UCLA]] during the 1980s{{ndash}}1990s, pioneered [[radio]] research in [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) technology and made seminal contributions to [[radio]] architecture based on [[complementary MOS]] (CMOS) [[switched-capacitor]] (SC) technology.<ref name="Allstot">{{cite book |last1=Allstot |first1=David J. |chapter=Switched Capacitor Filters |editor-last1=Maloberti |editor-first1=Franco |editor-last2=Davies |editor-first2=Anthony C. |title=A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing |date=2016 |publisher=[[IEEE Circuits and Systems Society]] |isbn=9788793609860 |pages=105–110 |chapter-url=https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf}}</ref> In the early 1980s, while working at Bell, he worked on the development of [[List of semiconductor scale examples|sub-micron]] [[MOSFET]] (MOS field-effect transistor) [[VLSI]] (very [[large-scale integration]]) technology, and demonstrated the potential of sub-micron [[NMOS logic|NMOS]] [[integrated circuit]] (IC) technology in high-speed [[communication circuit]]s. Abidi's work was initially met with skepticism from proponents of [[GaAs]] and [[bipolar junction transistor]]s, the dominant technologies for high-speed communication circuits at the time. In 1985 he joined the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), where he pioneered RF CMOS technology during the late 1980s to early 1990s. His work changed the way in which [[RF circuit]]s would be designed, away from discrete [[bipolar transistors]] and towards [[CMOS]] integrated circuits.<ref name="O'Neill">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. |title=Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter |date=2008 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694 |issn=1098-4232}}</ref>

Abidi was researching analog CMOS circuits for [[signal processing]] and [[Telecommunication|communications]] at UCLA during the late 1980s to early 1990s.<ref name="O'Neill"/> Abidi, along with UCLA colleagues J. Chang and Michael Gaitan, demonstrated the first RF CMOS [[amplifier]] in 1993.<ref name="Abidi2004">{{cite journal |last1=Abidi |first1=Asad Ali |author1-link=Asad Ali Abidi |title=RF CMOS comes of age |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |date=April 2004 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=549–561 |doi=10.1109/JSSC.2004.825247 |bibcode=2004IJSSC..39..549A |s2cid=23186298 |issn=1558-173X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=J. |last2=Abidi |first2=Asad Ali |last3=Gaitan |first3=Michael |title=Large suspended inductors on silicon and their use in a 2- mu m CMOS RF amplifier |journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters |date=May 1993 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=246–248 |doi=10.1109/55.215182 |bibcode=1993IEDL...14..246C |s2cid=27249864 |issn=1558-0563}}</ref> In 1995, Abidi used CMOS switched-capacitor technology to demonstrate the first direct-conversion [[transceivers]] for [[digital communications]].<ref name="Allstot"/> In the late 1990s, RF CMOS technology was widely adopted in [[wireless networking]], as [[mobile phones]] began entering widespread use.<ref name="O'Neill"/> This changed the way in which RF circuits were designed, leading to the replacement of discrete [[bipolar transistors]] with [[MOS integrated circuit|CMOS integrated circuits]] in [[radio]] transceivers.<ref name="O'Neill"/>

There was a rapid growth of the [[telecommunications industry]] towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of [[digital signal processing]] in [[wireless communications]], driven by the development of low-cost, [[very large-scale integration]] (VLSI) RF CMOS technology.<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Viranjay M. |last2=Singh |first2=Ghanshyam |title=MOSFET Technologies for Double-Pole Four-Throw Radio-Frequency Switch |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783319011653 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkO9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> It enabled sophisticated, low-cost and portable [[end-user]] terminals, and gave rise to small, low-cost, low-power and portable units for a wide range of wireless communication systems. This enabled "anytime, anywhere" communication and helped bring about the [[wireless revolution]], leading to the rapid growth of the wireless industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daneshrad |first1=Babal |last2=Eltawil |first2=Ahmed M. |title=Integrated Circuit Technologies for Wireless Communications |journal=Wireless Multimedia Network Technologies |volume=524 |date=2002 |pages=227–244 |doi=10.1007/0-306-47330-5_13 |isbn=0-7923-8633-7 |publisher=Springer US|series=The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science }}</ref>

In the early 2000s, RF CMOS chips with [[nanoelectronics|deep sub-micron]] MOSFETs capable of over 100{{nbsp}}[[GHz]] frequency range were demonstrated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chih-Hung |last2=Deen |first2=M. Jamal |title=RF CMOS Noise Characterization And Modeling |journal=[[International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems]] |year=2001 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1085-1157 (1085) |publisher=[[World Scientific Publishing Company]] |doi=10.1142/9789812777768_0004 |isbn=9810249055 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMKKl6JVNzEC&pg=PA1085}}</ref> Since 2008, the [[radio transceiver]]s in all wireless networking devices and modern mobile phones are mass-produced as RF CMOS devices.<ref name="O'Neill"/> RF CMOS is also used in nearly all modern [[Bluetooth]] and [[wireless LAN]] (WLAN) devices.<ref name="O'Neill3">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. |title=Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter |year=2008 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694 |issn=1098-4232}}</ref>

==Applications==
[[File:AVM BlueFRITZ! USB v1.0.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bluetooth]] [[dongle]]. RF CMOS [[mixed-signal integrated circuit]]s are widely used in nearly all modern Bluetooth devices.<ref name="O'Neill2">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. |title=Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter |year=2008 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694 |issn=1098-4232}}</ref>]]

The [[baseband processor]]s<ref name="Chen">{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Wai-Kai |title=The VLSI Handbook |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420005967 |pages=60–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMsqBgAAQBAJ&pg=SA60-PA2}}</ref><ref name="Morgado1">{{cite book |last1=Morgado |first1=Alonso |last2=Río |first2=Rocío del |last3=Rosa |first3=José M. de la |title=Nanometer CMOS Sigma-Delta Modulators for Software Defined Radio |date=2011 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9781461400370 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Alv6nWVCkDIC&pg=PA1}}</ref> and [[radio transceiver]]s in all modern [[wireless networking]] devices and [[mobile phones]] are mass-produced using RF CMOS devices.<ref name="O'Neill" /> RF CMOS circuits are widely used to transmit and receive wireless signals, in a variety of applications, such as [[satellite]] technology (including [[GPS]] and [[GPS receivers]]), [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[near-field communication]] (NFC), [[mobile network]]s (such as [[3G]] and [[4G]]), [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]] [[broadcast]], and [[automotive electronics|automotive]] [[radar]] applications, among other uses.<ref name="Veendrick243">{{cite book |last1=Veendrick |first1=Harry J. M. |title=Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319475974 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv_EDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243}}</ref>

Examples of commercial RF CMOS chips include Intel's [[Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications|DECT]] cordless phone, and [[802.11]] ([[Wi-Fi]]) chips created by [[Atheros]] and other companies.<ref name="IEEE-CMOS-dualband-n">{{cite web|last1=Nathawad|first1=L.|last2=Zargari|first2=M.|last3=Samavati|first3=H.|last4=Mehta|first4=S.|last5=Kheirkhaki|first5=A.|last6=Chen|first6=P.|last7=Gong|first7=K.|last8=Vakili-Amini|first8=B.|last9=Hwang|first9=J.|last10=Chen|first10=M.|last11=Terrovitis|first11=M.|last12=Kaczynski|first12=B.|last13=Limotyrakis|first13=S.|last14=Mack|first14=M.|last15=Gan|first15=H.|last16=Lee|first16=M.|last17=Abdollahi-Alibeik|first17=B.|last18=Baytekin|first18=B.|last19=Onodera|first19=K.|last20=Mendis|first20=S.|last21=Chang|first21=A.|last22=Jen|first22=S.|last23=Su|first23=D.|last24=Wooley|first24=B.|title=20.2: A Dual-band CMOS MIMO Radio SoC for IEEE 802.11n Wireless LAN|url=http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/ssc/May2008_WLAN.pdf|website=IEEE Entity Web Hosting|publisher=IEEE|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> Commercial RF CMOS products are also used for [[Bluetooth]] and [[Wireless LAN]] (WLAN) networks.<ref name="Olstein">{{cite journal |last=Olstein |first=Katherine |title=Abidi Receives IEEE Pederson Award at ISSCC 2008 |journal=[[IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society|SSCC: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society News]] |date=Spring 2008 |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=12 |doi=10.1109/HICSS.1997.665459 |s2cid=30558989 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5d0a/e04007ed1d4ee61af3494aa0126f0ae5dcaa.pdf}}</ref> RF CMOS is also used in the radio transceivers for wireless standards such as [[GSM]], Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, transceivers for mobile networks such as 3G, and remote units in [[wireless sensor network]]s (WSN).<ref name="Oliveira">{{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Joao |last2=Goes |first2=João |title=Parametric Analog Signal Amplification Applied to Nanoscale CMOS Technologies |date=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9781461416708 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahl_OuKxsToC&pg=PR7}}</ref>

RF CMOS technology is crucial to modern wireless communications, including wireless networks and [[mobile communication]] devices. One of the companies that commercialized RF CMOS technology was [[Infineon]]. Its bulk CMOS [[RF switches]] sell over 1{{nbsp}}billion units annually, reaching a cumulative 5{{nbsp}}billion units, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infineon Hits Bulk-CMOS RF Switch Milestone |url=https://www.eetasia.com/news/article/18112004-infineon-hits-bulk-cmos-rf-switch-milestone |accessdate=26 October 2019 |work=[[EE Times]] |date=20 November 2018 |language=en-PH}}</ref>

Practical [[software-defined radio]] (SDR) for commercial use was enabled by RF CMOS, which is capable of implementing an entire software-defined radio system on a single MOS IC chip.<ref name="Morgado"/><ref name="Leenaerts"/><ref name="NXP-SDR"/> RF CMOS began to be used for SDR implementations during the 2000s.<ref name="Leenaerts"/>

===Common applications===
{{See also|LDMOS#Applications|List of MOSFET applications|Power MOSFET}}

RF CMOS is widely used in a number of common applications, which include the following.

*[[Analog-to-digital converter]] (ADC)<ref name="Morgado">{{cite book |last1=Morgado |first1=Alonso |last2=Río |first2=Rocío del |last3=Rosa |first3=José M. de la |title=Nanometer CMOS Sigma-Delta Modulators for Software Defined Radio |date=2011 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9781461400370 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Alv6nWVCkDIC}}</ref><ref name="TEF810X">{{cite web |title=TEF810X Fully-Integrated 77 GHz Radar Transceiver |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/radar-transceivers/tef810x-fully-integrated-77-ghz-radar-transceiver:TEF810X |website=NXP Semiconductors |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref> — [[delta-sigma]] (ΣΔ) modulation<ref name="Morgado"/>
*[[Automotive electronics]] — [[advanced driver-assistance systems]] (ADAS),<ref name="globalfoundries">{{cite web |title=RF CMOS |url=https://www.globalfoundries.com/technology-solutions/cmos/mainstream/rf-cmos |website=[[GlobalFoundries]] |accessdate=7 December 2019 |date=20 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="NXP-Radar">{{cite web |title=Radar Transceivers |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/radar-transceivers:MITERWAVEICS |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref> [[automotive safety]] applications,  [[Energy-efficient driving|driving efficiency]], [[lane departure warning system]] (LDWS), vulnerable road user (VRU) detection,<ref name="NXP-Radar"/> [[driver assistance]], [[Car seat|rear occupant]] detection (ROD), rear occupant alert (ROA),<ref name="TEF810X"/> [[waveform generator]]<ref name="TEF810X-factsheet">{{cite web |title=TEF810X: 77GHz Automotive Radar Transceiver |url=https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/fact-sheet/TEF810XFS.pdf |website=NXP Semiconductors |accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref>
**[[Car]] front-side — lateral [[collision avoidance system]], narrow path assist, side [[pre-crash system]], [[traffic jam]] assist,<ref name="TEF810X-datasheet">{{cite web |title=TEF810X: 76 GHz to 81 GHz car RADAR transceiver |url=https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/TEF810XDS.pdf |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref> [[adaptive cruise control]] (ACC),<ref name="NXP-Radar"/><ref name="TEF810X"/><ref name="TEF810X-datasheet"/> [[autonomous emergency braking]] (AEB)<ref name="NXP-Radar"/><ref name="TEF810X-datasheet"/>
** Car rear-side — [[blind spot detection]] (BSD), [[Rear Pre-Crash]],<ref name="TEF810X-datasheet"/> [[lane change assistance]] (LCA)<ref name="NXP-Radar"/><ref name="TEF810X-datasheet"/>
**[[Cross-Traffic Assist]] (CTA) technology — [[blind spot monitor|rear cross-traffic alert]] (RCTA),<ref name="NXP-Radar"/><ref name="TEF810X"/> front cross-traffic alert (FTCA)<ref name="TEF810X"/>
**[[Parking]] — [[automated parking]], [[automated parking system]] (APS), [[automatic parking]],<ref name="NXP-Radar"/> [[Parking Assist]] (PA),<ref name="TEF810X"/> [[parking sensor]] ([[ultrasonic sensor]])<ref name="TEF810X-factsheet"/>
**[[Traffic collision]] technology — [[collision avoidance system]] (CAS), [[collision detection]], [[Collision Warning and Brake Support]], [[Collision Mitigation Avoidance System]]<ref name="NXP-Radar"/>
**[[Vehicle blind spot]] technology — [[blind spot detection]] (BSD), [[blind spot monitoring]] (BSM), [[blind spot monitor|rear cross-traffic alert]] (RCTA)<ref name="NXP-Radar"/><ref name="TEF810X"/>
**[[Vehicular communication systems]] — [[vehicle-to-vehicle]] (V2V) communication and [[vehicle-to-everything]] (V2X) communication<ref name="NXP-SDR"/>
*[[Broadcasting]] technology — [[terrestrial television|terrestrial broadcasting]]<ref name="Veendrick243"/>
**[[Radio broadcasting]] — [[digital radio]], [[HD Radio]], [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (DAB), [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM)<ref name="NXP-SDR"/>
*[[Mobile devices]]
**[[Mobile network]]s<ref name="Veendrick243"/><ref name="O'Neill"/> — [[Global System for Mobile Communications]] (GSM),<ref name="Oliveira"/><ref name="Abidi2004"/> [[3G]],<ref name="Veendrick243"/><ref name="Oliveira"/> [[4G]],<ref name="Veendrick243"/> [[5G]]<ref name="globalfoundries"/>
**[[Mobile phones]]<ref name="O'Neill"/>
**[[Smartphones]] — [[cellular modem]]s ([[baseband]]), [[RF transceiver]]s, [[wireless communication]] chips (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS)<ref name="Kim">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89}}</ref>
*[[Radio]] technology<ref name="O'Neill"/> — [[radio-frequency]] (RF) technology,<ref name="globalfoundries"/> [[radio receivers]], [[transmitters]],<ref name="TEF810X"/> [[software-defined radio]] (SDR),<ref name="Morgado"/><ref name="Leenaerts"/><ref name="NXP-SDR"/> [[wideband]]<ref name="Leenaerts">{{cite conference |last1=Leenaerts |first1=Domine |title=Wide band RF CMOS circuit design techniques |url=http://ewh.ieee.org/r5/denver/sscs/Presentations/2010_05_Leenaerts.pdf |conference=[[IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society]] Distinguished Lecturers Program (SSCS DLP) |publisher=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |date=May 2010 |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref>
**[[Baseband processor]]s<ref name="Chen"/><ref name="Morgado1"/>
**[[Millimeter-wave]] (mmW) applications<ref name="globalfoundries"/>
**[[Radar]] technology<ref name="NXP-Radar"/> — [[automotive electronics|automotive]] radar,<ref name="Veendrick243"/><ref name="globalfoundries"/><ref name="NXP-SDR">{{cite web |title=Software-defined-radio Technology |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/audio/multi-standard-digital-radio/software-defined-radio-technology:SW-DEFINED-RADIO-TECH |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |accessdate=11 December 2019}}</ref> [[radar transceiver]]s, [[imaging radar]], [[super-resolution]] (SR) imaging, radar cocooning with [[360°]] perception,<ref name="NXP-Radar"/> cocoon radar, [[Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave]] (FMCW) radar,<ref name="TEF810X"/> corner radar functions, [[radar tracker]]<ref name="TEF810X-factsheet"/>
**[[Transceivers]]<ref name="Abidi2004"/> — [[radio transceiver]]s,<ref name="O'Neill"/><ref name="Abidi2004"/> [[RF transceiver]]s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89}}</ref><ref name="globalfoundries"/> [[cellular network|cellular]] transceivers<ref name="Abidi2004"/>
*[[Sensors]] — [[radar sensor]]s,<ref name="NXP-Radar"/> [[wireless sensor network]] (WSN)<ref name="Oliveira"/>
*[[System-on-a-chip]] (SoC)<ref name="Abidi2004"/><ref name="globalfoundries"/>
*[[Telecommunications]]
**[[Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications]] (DECT)<ref name="IEEE-CMOS-dualband-n"/>
**[[Internet of things]] (IoT) — [[Narrowband IoT]], [[Cat-M1]]<ref name="globalfoundries"/>
**[[Satellite communication]]<ref name="globalfoundries"/><ref name="Abidi2004"/> — [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS),<ref name="Veendrick243"/> [[GPS receivers]]<ref name="Abidi2004"/>
**[[Short-range devices]]<ref name="globalfoundries"/> — [[Bluetooth]],<ref name="Veendrick243"/><ref name="Olstein"/><ref name="Oliveira"/> [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] (BLE), [[IEEE 802.15.4]],<ref name="globalfoundries"/> [[IEEE 802.11]],<ref name="IEEE-CMOS-dualband-n"/> [[Wi-Fi]]<ref name="Veendrick243"/><ref name="Oliveira"/><ref name="globalfoundries"/>
**[[Wireless networks]] — [[wireless networking]] devices,<ref name="O'Neill"/> [[wireless local area network]] (WLAN),<ref name="Olstein"/><ref name="Abidi2004"/> [[wide area network]] (WAN),<ref name="globalfoundries"/> mobile networks<ref name="Veendrick243"/><ref name="O'Neill"/>
**[[Wireless]] technology<ref name="O'Neill"/><ref name="Abidi2004"/> — wireless [[telecommunications]],<ref name="O'Neill"/> [[Backhaul (telecommunications)|backhaul]],<ref name="globalfoundries"/> [[near-field communication]] (NFC)<ref name="Veendrick243"/>
*[[Voltage-controlled oscillator]] (VCO) — low [[phase noise]] VCO<ref name="TEF810X"/>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
*[[Digital telephony]]
*[[History of telecommunication]]
*[[LDMOS]]
*[[Mixed-signal integrated circuit]]
*[[MOS integrated circuit]]
*[[Power MOSFET]]
*[[Radio-frequency engineering]]
*[[RF module]]
*[[RF power amplifier]]
*[[RFIC]]
*[[Semiconductor device fabrication]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Electronic components}}

[[Category:Digital electronics]]
[[Category:Electronic design]]
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]
[[Category:MOSFETs]]
[[Category:Pakistani inventions]]